Warrior Marks Essay -- essays research papers

Warrior Marks      Female circumcision is a conventional custom that is generally drilled in Africa on little youngsters with ages that shift from birth to pre-pubescent. It is accounted for to have its starting points (with shifting degrees of unwavering quality) in antiquated Egypt. Female circumcision was likewise found being rehearsed in western India and eastern Asia until it was banned around the turn of the twentieth century (BC). The strategy is fluctuated through three distinct sorts of circumcision: Infibulation, clitoridectomy and Sunna. Clitoridectomy and Sunna are minor form of the circumcision with Infibulation being the most extreme. These practices cause genuine wellbeing dangers in certain ladies, which become more noteworthy in grown-up a very long time with the presentation of bleeding, intercourse and labor. Unmistakably, there must be a ground-breaking purpose behind this methodology to proceed with given the confusions and obligatory dull post medical procedures. Some bookkeeping must be taken so as to comprehend why ladies are placed in such risk. The appropriate response lies in culture. An individual's way of life and foundation characterize the conviction framework and understanding that an individual holds as natural truth. All decisions and choices are made in light of culture and anything that is contrary to culture influences the choice procedure and their convictions. Other significant components to understanding the duration of female circumcision are social and strict customs, power/estrangement connections, and stylish tastes. Is this longstanding custom vital and if so are there approaches to fuse progressively favorable (clean instruments, restoratively ensured/experienced specialists, age limit, and so on.) strategies for playing out the activity? Anyway pointless a pari ah may think the training is, the unavoidable actuality is that this custom is a significant component of social personality. On the off chance that the activity some way or another was not finished by a specific age in the young ladies life, she would be empowered by her friends just as her older folks to search out and demand the circumcision. Not quite the same as most customary practices in African, female circumcision is solely saved for women’s nearness and men are prohibited from point by point information on explicit occasions. Females regularly have these tasks performed on them previously or at adolescence. It is normal for the mother or other close relative ordinarily holds the young lady in dad... ...iciently loathsome that we will effectively work to change the conduct. I would suggest that the United Nations take a progressively viable remain on the issue and start to set up choices that will in any event make the act of female circumcision increasingly clean. These associations offer condoms to diminish the spread of helps and food assets to affect smart dieting propensities so they should start to prepare these nations to finish the training in accurate clinical structure. This does no imply that the United Nations or some other association concurs with the training, it basically implies that positive endeavors are being made towards lessening superfluous eventual outcomes. We will always be unable to address whether the procedure is vital in light of the fact that we don't comprehend the way of life. In any case, we can improve it. Everybody in America doesn't concur with fetus removal, which could be viewed as female genital mutilation, anyway the decision to have the strategy done is accessible and it is accessible under restoratively prepared specialists that are centered around keeping the patient safe. The patients of female circumcision ought to likewise have these choices accessible. To comprehend doesn't intend to support.

Rational Frame Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Discerning Frame Theory - Essay Example This paper takes a gander at the idea of social edge hypothesis dependent on the instructional exercise created by Dr Eric J. Fox, Ph.D, in his site. It will be founded on the clarification of a various leveled portrayal (given beneath) of Dr Fox’s sees on this region. As per Dr Fox, language can make the two issues and arrangements. Any circumstance, regardless of whether it is sure or negative, is legitimately identified with the language and feeling utilized. It tends to be utilized to educate, to give acclaim or load affronts. It tends to be utilized to pass judgment on individuals and it very well may be utilized to make laws. It tends to be utilized to instruct individuals and can be utilized to direct activities. Words utilized in a specific setting can even bring about viciousness and wars. On the other extraordinary, it can achieve harmony among countries. These couple of instances of the intensity of language show the amount it can impact a general public and its people. It ought to be expressed here that language studies can help in understanding human conduct and activities to an enormous degree. It can assist therapists with providing answers for issues looked by people. Customary speculations on the field accept that words utilized in language have imagery and generativity. Imagery alludes to the intensity of a word to imply different implications or things despite the fact that a specific word has a particular significance. For instance the word fire may bring out various feelings in individuals. For one individual fire can mean warmth, for another it can mean torment, and for a third individual it can mean food. This intensity of the word can effectsly affect individuals in the setting they are utilized. A mix of words, at the end of the day a sentence, has generativity. As per Dr Fox, â€Å"generativity implies that we can make and comprehend an interminable number of important sentences or utterances† (Fox, 2002).The sentence ‘An apple is a blue natural product that is found in the North Pole’ might be ludicrous and wrong, however it has meaning. In

A Broke Persons Guide to Building a Luxe Wardrobe - OppLoans

A Broke Person’s Guide to Building a Luxe Wardrobe - OppLoans A Broke Person’s Guide to Building a Luxe Wardrobe A Broke Person’s Guide to Building a Luxe WardrobeJust because you dont actually have a million bucks, that doesnt have to prevent you from looking like a million bucks.When we’re living on a budget, we sometimes have to prioritize the things we need over the things we want. We sub Disney World vacations for close-to-home staycations and pass up dining out for cooking at home.But what about your wardrobe? Clothing is a necessity, right? It not only protects you from the elements, but studies show that your clothing can actually affect your performance and that “dressing for success” can improve your confidence!With the right technique and the right pieces, you can build a luxe, high-quality wardrobe that fits your lifestyle and makes you feel great without breaking the bank. All it takes is a tiny reset of expectationsâ€"like realizing that brand new isn’t always bestâ€"and a little patience.In this post, we explore combining two popular trends in fashionâ€"the capsule ward robe and thriftingâ€"to help you build a closet that helps you get where you want to go and look good doing it.What is a capsule wardrobe?A capsule wardrobe is the first step in building a closet on a budget. There are many different types of capsule wardrobes, according to Lauren Tingley, creator of the minimalist motherhood site Simply Well Balanced (@simplywellbalanced), but the basic idea is that they are “carefully selected collections of clothing items that are easy to coordinate.”When you limit the number of pieces you own to essentials that never go out of style, they can be easily mixed and matched to create unique outfits for every occasion.“Because a capsule wardrobe is created with the specific goal of being able to mix and match a limited number of pieces, you end up having fewer items in your closet,” says Tingley.Of course, fewer items mean less money, and if you are careful where you source your essentials, you may even have money left for other expensesâ€"or to invest in one or two new, high-quality seasonal pieces that will last many years, if not a lifetime.What’s wrong with “fast-fashion?With the rise of fast fashion, clothing prices have plummeted, but so has quality. Although fast fashion styles look good at first, they are so poorly made that they end up falling apart quickly. This means that those old clothes end up in the landfillâ€"the average American throws away 81 pounds of clothing a yearâ€"which can had adverse effects on both the environment and, over time, your wallet.Think about it. Say you spend $30 on a pair of jeans that last a year, tops, before they need replacing. If you buy a high-quality pair from a reputable slow-fashion retailer for $100, you start “saving” money by year four. Even better? By a second-hand pair of high-quality jeans for savings from the start and zero additional environmental impact.What you need to get started.The first step is taking a look at your closet. “Start your capsule ward robe by going through the items you own in order to create a framework for your wardrobe,” says Tingley. “It’s always easiest to start with the basics and build from there. You will most likely be surprised to see you already have most of the items.”There are many different formulas online for what qualifies for basics, but here are some items that generally make the cut:dark denimbasic tops, including long- and short-sleeve T-shirtsknits, including sweaters and cardigansclassic jackets and coats, such as trenches and jean jacketswhite button-down shirtblack dressRemember, though, you’ll only want to keep items that are of a high enough quality that you won’t need to buy another one soon. And you’ll only want to keep clothing that you love to wear! If you haven’t worn something in several months (or a year!), put it aside for selling, donation, or recycling.Tingley also recommends that you stick to neutral colorsâ€"black, white, grey, navy, and tanâ€"because they can be mixed and matched easily. Then you can add a couple accent colorsâ€"like purple, red, or greenâ€"to spice things up.Un-Fancy, a popular minimalist blog, recommends a total of 37 pieces per three-month season: nine pairs of shoes, nine bottoms, 15 tops, two dresses, and two jackets/coats. Many of your basics, like T-shirts and jeans, may be included in each season’s wardrobe, but if you live in a place with summer and winter, you’ll want to swap out cooler-weather clothing for warmer-weather clothing as needed.However, you’ll have to see what works for your lifestyle. The point is this: You can get by on many fewer individual articles of clothingâ€"certainly less than the 80 billion new items we collectively purchase each year!Once you know what you have and know what you need for the upcoming season, it’s time to shop. But before heading to your favorite retailer, check out your local thrift store instead.Getting thrifty with it.Morgan Krehbiel, owner of Morgan Krehbiel Creative, started thrifting regularly in 2017 after making a commitment to herself to “stop buying fast fashion for both budgetary reasons and environmental reasons,” noting that the clothing industry is one of our biggest polluters. “I needed a way to reconcile those concerns with my love for clothing and fashion, and the thrift store ticks all of those boxes for me.”Thrift stores can be goldmines for the type of basics you need to fill out your capsule wardrobe without compromising on style, quality, or ethics. They are often full of older clothing, which frequently means better, longer-lasting garments. To Krehbiel, that means three things: high-quality material, sturdy construction/condition, and good fit. “I generally do not buy a garment unless it meets all three of those standards,” she says.Before you make any purchases, consider the following:Materials. “I always look for natural fibers like cotton, linen, silk, and wool,” says Krehbiel. “Almost all garmen ts, even old ones, will have a tag indicating the material compositionâ€"this tag is always the first thing I look for.” She notes that, in her experience, natural fibers are the most comfortable to wear and hold up better than synthetics over time. “Theres a reason why the thrift store is full of garments made 10, 20, 30 years ago from these materials that are still in great condition,” says Krehbiel.Construction/Condition. “I inspect seams, hems, zippers, and other closures to make sure nothing is falling apart,” says Krehbiel, “or, if a seam is starting to come apart but the garment is in otherwise good condition, whether it is something that can be mended.” She also recommends checking to see whether prints line up at the seams, as this is another good indicator of high-quality construction. “It seems counterintuitive, but I have found that the older a garment is, the more likely it is to be in great shape when I find it at the thrift store,” Krehbiel adds. Las tly, inspect the garment closely for stains, yellowing, snags, and tears. For tops, Krehbiel advises to always look at the armpits and neckline for yellowing and makeup stains, and for pants, to always check the bottom hems, crotch, and thighs for thinning and disintegration.Fit. Krehbiel warns that this is often the trickiest standard to meet, since many thrift stores do not have changing rooms, but it’s important that you look and feel good in the clothes you buy. There is no need to compromise here! Krehbiel recommends wearing “leggings and a tank when you go thrifting, in case you want to slip things on without the privacy of a dressing room.” You can also bring a piece of well-fitting clothing from home for a comparison. Krehbiel promises that your judgment of fit will likely sharpen the more you thrift!Krehbiel recommends avoiding the thrift store if you are in a rush or during peak hours. It often takes time to search through the racks of clothes, so you want to set you rself up for success. You’ll also want to become familiar with your store’s sale schedule, as many often even steeper discounts on certain days of the week.Lastly, don’t limit yourself to one store. If you have the option, check out several. You’ll get a sense of the type of clothing each store carries and which one best suits your needs and tastes.The cost of a second-hand capsule wardrobe.So how much can you actually find at the thrift store? “After a few years of serious thrifting and no new fast-fashion purchases, my wardrobe is now around 50 percent thrifted and maybe 75 percent secondhand,” says Krehbiel.To give you a better sense of potential savings, Krehbiel has provided sample wardrobes and pricing from her own closet:Fall/Winter Staplesfive wool or cashmere sweaters: $4 eachtwo warm sleeveless shells for layering: $2 eachfour long-sleeve shirts: $2-4 eachone midi skirt: $4one cardigan/jacket: $4one blazer: $4one wool coat: $6-10one scarf: $2Total: ~$60Spring/S ummer Staplesfive short sleeve or sleeveless tops: $4 eachtwo dresses: $4-8 eachone pair denim shorts: $4one springy skirt: $4one lightweight cardigan or button-down: $4one lightweight jacket: $6Total: ~$50“Depending on the size of your store and how frequently they turn over their inventory, building a capsule of this scale should be doable in two to three visits,” says Krehbiel.She advises that if you have something very specific in mind, it may take several visits before it turns up. “The great thing about thrifting is that you can always buy an almost-perfect piece to tide you over without breaking the bank,” says Krehbiel, “and then when a perfect one finally comes along, you can grab it and donate the stand-in piece back to the storeâ€"or try to sell it at a resale shop and recoup your costs.”Both Krehbiel and Tingley recommend trying second-hand shops, either brick-and-mortar shops or online ones like Poshmark, to find specific items you can’t find at the thrift store. For example, Krehbiel has a hard time finding thrifted jeans that fit, so she tends to hit up second-hand shops that are more likely to carry brands that fit correctly.The benefits of a second-hand capsule wardrobe.The benefits of second-hand shopping are many. First, it’s a very ethical thing to do. We’ve already discussed some of the environmental benefits of second-hand shoppingâ€"helping to reduce the literal tons of clothing that end up in the landfill and not contributing to new garment-driven pollutionâ€"but that’s just the tip of the iceberg.Fast fashion also tends to exploit low-wage garment workers who frequently work in unsafe conditions, most of whom are women. By buying less and buying second-hand, you avoid participating in any of that.A capsule wardrobe can also help simplify your life. Tingley started experimenting with a minimalist lifestyle when she was pregnant with her second child. “As a busy working mom, I was desperate to try anything to make m y life easier and decided to declutter my clothes in an effort to create a ‘weekly wardrobe,’” she says.“My closet is neat and tidy, so I can easily find what I am looking for. It makes getting dressed in the mornings quick and easy and doesnt require much thought.”When you think about these benefits, saving money seems like an added bonus as opposed to the primary goal. But you will save money. And what will you do with your savings? One good plan is saving it for an emergency fund.When you have money stashed away for unplanned emergencies, you won’t need to rely on predatory quick-cash options like bad credit loans, no credit check loans, and payday loans. To learn more about saving money on everyday expenses, check out  these other posts and articles from OppLoans:The Broke Person’s Guide to Hanging With FriendsSave a Few Bucks on Fido with These DIY Pet ToysReusable Purchases That Will Save You Money in the Long RunCar Maintenance Tips That Will Save You Money Down the RoadDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN  |InstagramContributorsMorgan Krehbiel is a designer and art director based in Chicago, IL. She has a bachelors degree from Northwestern University and has been working in newspaper, journal, and book design since 2010. She is passionate about sustainable consumption, particularly in the fashion industry, and is an advocate for more mindful practices at every level, from individuals to corporations and industries.Lauren Tingley is a formerly stressed out, working teacher-mom of two who tried to do it all and ended up losing herself in the process. Determined to find joy in modern motherhood and family life she discovered simplifying was the answer. Now she shares her tips and tricks for moms looking to make life easier on her site  Simply Well Balanced (@simplywellbalanced)  where you can fi nd ideas for easy family activities, minimalist homemaking, and simple parenting advice.

Archers Organic Foods Essay Download Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2174 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Report Did you like this example? I. Introduction Archers Organic Foods plc is a producer and distributor of organic foods. The company is looking to expand the business by acquiring a farm in the North of England. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Archers Organic Foods Essay Download Pdf" essay for you Create order This report analyses the financial viability of two farms by using a number of investment appraisal methods. The two farms differ in their initial investments, sales and costs. The freehold of option 1 farm will be acquired at the beginning of the project. The farm in option 2 will be taken on a 10-year lease with deposit and annual rent payments. The report makes a recommendation on the final selection of a farm by evaluating the results, strengths and weaknesses of four investment appraisal methods. The four investment appraisal methods used in this report are the Accounting Rate of Return (ARR), payback period, Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results of the four investment appraisal methods may not be similar because of differences in their approaches and calculations. Hence, it is beneficial to use more than one investment appraisal method and understand the benefits and limitations of each method before making a final decision. II. Investment appraisal methods The four investment appraisal methods can be classified into two main categories. The ARR and payback period are non-discounting methods whereas the NPV and IRR are discounting methods. The ARR method measures the accounting profit rate by dividing the average income by the average investment (Hansen and Mowen, 2007, p. 568). The method is simple to use but has major limitations. It ignores the time value of money which is a major drawback in case of projects with long lives. Also, a benchmark rate is required for comparison. The payback period calculates the time required to recover initial investment from the operating cash flows of a project (Brigham and Houston, 2007, p. 373). Shorter payback period projects are preferred as they generate cash equal to initial investment in a shorter duration and this can be viewed as a proxy of risk. However, the payback period method ignores the time value of money (Kinney Raiborn, 2011, p. 655). It also ignores the cash flows after th e payback period which could result in a selection of a project that adds less value. The NPV method calculates the net value of a project by discounting the cash flows at a rate which reflects the risks of those cash flows. The discounting of the future cash flows is a major advantage of the NPV method over the non-discounting methods. This is very important for valuing the two alternatives as cash flows are spread over 10 years. The drawback of the NPV method is that it assumes constant gearing to maintain same cost of capital. This rarely happens as cash inflows over the period change the gearing. A company will have to issue debt regularly to maintain same gearing (Delaney, 2008, p. 37). This is difficult to do due to administrative issues and costs. It is also not easy to calculate cost of capital that is used for discounting cash flows (Howe, 1992, p. 34). Finally, the NPV method is not useful on its own when a company faces capital rationing. The profitability index may have to be used along with the NPV to evaluate investments in a capital rationing scenario. IRR method also discounts the future cash flows and gives the cost of capital at which the NPV would be zero. This gives an idea about the margin of safety that is available in terms of possible decline in the rate of return before it equals cost of capital. The limitation of the IRR method is that it can give two IRRs for same set of cash flows if the pattern of cash inflows and outflows reverses more than once during the life of a project (Brigham and Daves, 2009, p. 421). It also assumes that cash inflows during the life of a project will be reinvested at the IRR which may not be true as the firm may not have similar opportunities to invest in. The investment appraisal methods have their pros and cons and it is useful to use more than one method to get a better picture. III. Results of investment analysis The first option is the freehold acquisition of a farm at  £1,500,000. The calculations and results of the investment appraisal methods of option 1 are shown in appendix I. It is assumed that the farm will be sold for  £1,500,000 at the end of 10 years. It implies that the average investment over the period will be  £1,500,000. ARR = Average profit / Average investment =  £313,000 /  £1,500,000 = 20.83% The cumulative cash flows turn positive for the first time in year 6. Payback period = 5 + (245,000/360,000) = 5.68 years. The NPV of option 1 is  £739,000 and the IRR is 19.43%. The second option is to lease a farm for 10 years. A down payment of  £300,000 will be made at the beginning of the 10-year period. It is assumed that the down payment will be returned at the end of 10 years. The average investment will be  £300,000. The calculations and results of the investment appraisal methods of option 2 are shown in appendix II. ARR = Average profit / A verage investment =  £190,000 /  £300,000 = 63.33% The cash flows are adjusted to reflect the fact that annual rents will be paid in advance. The rent for year 1 will be paid at the beginning and hence shown in year 0. The rent for year 10 will be paid at the end of year 9 and hence  £150,000 cash is added back to the profits of year 10. The cumulative cash flows turn positive for the first time in year 5. Payback period = 4 + (160,000/190,000) = 4.84 years. The NPV of option 2 is  £623,000 and the IRR is 27.48%. IV. Analysis of results The ARR of option 1 is 20.83%. There is no benchmark available for comparison but it is significantly more than the cost of capital of 12% and hence the ARR method approves investment in option 1. The payback period is 5.68 years. Though the payback period is significantly lower than the 10-year life of the project, it does not meet the 5-year cut-off period set by the finance director. Hence, the investment in option 1 is not approved under the payback period method. The NPV of option 1 is very high and positive  £739,000. Purchase of the farm will increase the net value of the firm by  £739,000 over a period of 10 years and hence the investment is approved under the NPV method. Finally, the IRR of 19.43% is also higher than the cost of capital of 12% which again approves the purchase of firm. The ARR of option 2 is 63.33% which is substantially higher than the cost of capital of 12% and hence the ARR method approves investment in option 2. The payback period is 4.84 yea rs and it meets the 5-year cut-off period set by the finance director. The investment in option 2 is also approved under the payback period method. The NPV of option 2 is positive  £623,000. Option 2 is also approved under the NPV method. Finally, the IRR of 27.48% is also higher than the cost of capital of 12% which again approves the purchase of firm. Option 2 is preferred over option 1 by the ARR, payback period and IRR methods. However, the option 1 is preferred over option 2 by the NPV method because the NPV of option 1 is more than that of option 2. The difference results under the various investment appraisal methods are not unexpected. The ARR and payback period methods do not discount the future cash flows. This is a major drawback in this case as cash flows are spread over a long life of 10 years. Also, the cost of capital is a high 12% and not discounting the cash flows does not reflect the risk of the investment. In view of the above arguments, the results of the ARR and payback period methods should be viewed with caution. The NPV method favours option 1 as its NPV is  £116,000 higher than the NPV of option 2. However, option 1 uses higher initial investment and this is reflected in its IRR which is lower than that of option 2. The company should opt for option 1 as it adds the maximum net value to shareholders. However, if funding is restricted than option 1 should be preferred because it adds higher net value per unit of investment. The net value per unit investment is  £2.08 for option 2 as compared to  £0.49 for option 1. In addition to the above analysis, the investment decision should take into account few other but important points into consideration. Firstly, in the analysis of option 1, it was assumed that the farm will be sold for  £1,500,000 after 10 years. However, the prices of land and farms have increased in the recent years. The table below shows the sensitivity of the NPV to the changes in price of the farm. An annual farm price inflation of 6% over a 10-year period would substantially increase the NPV to  £1,121,000. This is a significant jump. Even if the annual farm price inflation is -2%, the NPV is still positive. On the other hand, the changes in farm prices would not have any impact on the NPV of option 2. The possible significant benefit from purchase of a farm should also be included in final decision making. Secondly, the evaluations are also sensitive to changes in cash flows. Projections are rarely met in practice (Arya et al., 1988, p. 499). It is difficult to accurately predict cash flows over a 10-year period because of a number of factors. The demand may change due to economic-wide changes. The costs of raw materials and labour may rise faster than anticipated. Adverse weather may also play havoc on the production. Hence, it is beneficial to do a sensitivity analysis of cash flows. It is assumed that the variable costs will move in direct proportion to the changes in revenues. The tables below show the sensitivity of the NPVs to changes in sales and variable costs. The above tables show that option 2 is more sensitive to the changes in sales and variable costs. At 80% of the base case sales and variables costs, the NPV of option 1 is significant positive but that of option 2 is marginally positive. The option 2 will turn into a negative NPV investment if actual cash flows are just less than 80% of the projected cash flows. Thirdly, the NPV is also sensitive to changes in the cost of capital. The tables below show the sensitivity of the NPVs of two options to changes in the cost of capital. Option 1 is more sensitive to changes in the cost of capital. The company should analyse the likely increases in the cost of capital over 10 years before making a final decision. In addition to the above-discussed points, the company should also analyse some of the key non-financial matters to ensure that the investment will yield positive results. It should analyse whether there would be local demand for organic foods in case of each option. Organic foods are sold at a premium to inorganic foods. The buying power of consumers is linked to the general overall economic conditions. The UK economy is passing through a tough phase with consumers concerned about government cuts in public expenditure. This may make it difficult for the company to sell its produce in the local region. The company should also consider the resources that would be involved in effective monitoring of the farm in the North as opposed to current operations in the South. Monitoring and control is important for success of an investment and long-distance could hamper it. V. Conclusions The results of four investment appraisal methods did not match and there is no unanimous choice. Option 2 is preferred on the basis of the ARR, payback period and IRR methods. Option 1 is the preferred option because of its higher NPV and the possibility to gain from an increase in farm prices. The NPVs of two options are also sensitive to a number of factors like cost of capital and changes in sales and variable costs. The NPV of option 2 is more sensitive to changes in cash flows whereas the NPV of option 1 is more sensitive to changes in the cost of capital. VI. Recommendations The recommended option is option 1 because of its higher NPV and also the potential to reap even higher benefits due to increase in value of farm over 10 years. If the project does not meet sales expectations, the company will have the option to sell the farm and exit early in option 1. On the other hand, the company will end up paying lease rent for 10 years in option 2. References Arya, A., Fellingham, J.C., and Glover, J.C., 1988. Capital budgeting: Some exceptions to the net present value rule. Issues in accounting education, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 499-508. Brigham, E.F., and Daves, P.R., 2009. Intermediate Financial Management. 10 edn. South-Western Cengage Learning. Brigham, E.F., and Houston, J.F., 2007. Fundamentals of financial management. 11 edn, Thomson Higher Education. Delaney, C.J., Rich, S.P., and Rose, J.T., 2008. Financing costs and NPV analysis in finance and real estate. Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 35-40. Hansen, D.R., and Mowen, M.M., 2007. Managerial accounting, 8 edn. Thomson South-Western. Howe, K.M., 1992. Capital Budgeting Discount Rates Under Inflation: A Caveat. Financial Practice Education, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 31-35. Kinney, M.R., Raiborn, C.A., 2011. Cost Accounting – Foundations and Evolutions. 8 edn, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason.

Can You Cool a Room by Opening the Refrigerator

Can you cool a room by opening the refrigerator? It might be tempting to open the refrigerator door to cool off when its hot, but will it really help? The answer depends on a few different factors relating to your refrigerator. Use an Air Conditioner You can fan yourself with the door to cool yourself down, but you cant actually lower the temperature of the room. This is because refrigeration is not a perfectly efficient process. More heat enters the room through the exhaust vent than is extracted from the inside of the refrigerator. Now, if youre desperate to cool a room with the refrigerator, you can... but only if the refrigerator is off and youre using the chilled contents already inside the box, sort of like a giant ice cube. Alternatively, you can use a refrigerator to cool a room if the heat vents for the fridge are in a different room.

Summary Of Iris Marion Youngs Five Faces Of Oppression

In Iris Marion Young’s article Five Faces of Oppression, Young explicitly explains that there are five specific factors of oppression that affect many people in their day to day lives. Those five faces are exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence. Exploitation is the act towards the usage of labor of a specific social group to benefit another group. Marginalization is commonly the exclusion of people of a third world such as racially marked groups, unemployed, disabled, elderly, etc. Powerlessness is the concept how people of power often profit from the labor of others. Cultural imperialism is the idea of a dominant group becoming a norm of society thus making non-dominant groups behaviors as†¦show more content†¦This is why exploitation is a form of oppression because those who are exploited in the workplace, like sweatshops; are treated less than human. The second face of oppression, marginalization, is the exclusion of people of a third world such as racially marked groups, unemployed, disabled, elderly, etc. This kind of act usually assumes that a particular individual does not have certain traits or characteristics that make them equal within society. Individuals who are marginalized are often discriminated and even excluded from social gatherings and activities because some might think they are not qualified to attend. An example of marginalization is how a person with a disability like those who are paraplegic, often are secluded from any type of physical sports because some might think that they are not capable of being good at a physical sport, such as baseball, while you are paraplegic. Another example of marginalization is how women are not expected to be hired in executive or managerial positions because it is seen that the men are more dominant and powerful in order to obtain and withhold positions of such demand and leadership. Because of this assumption, women who might be more qualified in specific areas are often not considered for certain jobs with a higher standing because they are seen as less dominant than a man. The

Ethics In Advertising And Consumer Psychology

Question: Discuss about the Ethics In Advertising And Consumer Psychology. Answer: Literature Review It is the scholar paper which includes the current knowledge about the topic and also the contributions of different authors. This includes the data from secondary sources. Literature Review Scope The scope of this literature review is wide as it considers the works of different authors and is a part of the complete research. The research is done on Ethics in advertising and consumer psychology which is a wide topic and need to be covered properly. The basic idea of the research revolves around the role of ethics in advertising and consumer psychology. There are various views on the ethics in advertising and Consumer psychology which clears up the idea on the topic. Different authors have different opinion and viewpoints on Ethics in advertising and consumer psychology. Literature Review Objectives This literature review analyses the relationship between the ethics in advertising and consumer psychology. The main objective is to compare and contrast the contributions given by different authors on the topic. It will help the marketers and advertisers in designing their advertisements by considering ethics. Literature Review comparative analysis: Advertising Advertising is known as the non-personal paid form of communication which connects the consumer with the advertiser. The significance of advertising is increasing considerably in the modern society. It has great influence on the society and communities and shape their attitudes and behaviours. Advertising can be simple or can be complex. It can be commercial, political or in social form. So, advertising has to be real which do not distort the actual message of the communication. It has powerful impact on the society which creates a need of advertisements to be ethical. Ethics, on the other hand, are the principles which guide an individual to make a comparison and difference between rights or wrong (Schlegelmilch berseder, 2010). Consumer Behaviour According to Adhikary (2014), consumer behaviour is how the consumers take decisions to spend their resources wisely to make consumption. The consumers pass through five different stages before making any decision to make a final purchase. These stages include Need recognition, Information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision and post purchase evaluation. Advertising plays a major role in influencing the individuals in making a final decision of purchase. Advertising basically influences the decision making processes of the consumers. The author reflects on the idea that it is the duty of the advertisers to communicate real information about the product or service so that it influences the consumer behaviour in the ethical way. Advertising, consumer psychology and Role of Ethics In the words of Gilaninia, Taleghani and Karimi (2013), Information and communication technologies have placed itself as a strong player in the world of advertising. It aims at connecting with the wide audience and tries various ways to attract the mass population. Various research studies shows that peoples attitudes and beliefs are used to evaluate the benefits of internet advertising. The consumers make their decisions after the proper analysis and this is how internet advertising works. Maintaining ethics in internet advertising is equally important because the brands often claim falsely on internet which is easily believed by the customers. Also, there are lot of issues on the internet like directing the user to the fake site or misleading them with the pop ups which is unethical. According to Fatima Lodhi (2015), advertisements and buying behaviour are connected. When advertisements create awareness and frame perception of the customers for the products or services, it influen cesthe buying behaviour of the customers. The consumers are motivated through advertisements which stimulate the sales of the product or services of the company. In the views of Suguna (2014), Unethical advertising or ethical advertising, more or less depends on the views or perceptions of the customers. The research conducted by the author and the data collected stated that ethics are needed in the society. These are the principles which bring favourable changes in the society. The study is reliable and valid as the data collected showed that negative, unethical or fake advertising dissatisfies the customers and the brand may lose the customers in the longer term. It is also dependent on the individual perception or group perceptions where the particular advertisement is ethical or unethical. As per Martin (2010), there are some ethical considerations which impact the buying behaviour of the consumers. As per the research conducted, over 60 per cent of people said that they consider ethics while purchasing clothes while 80% of them consider ethics while purchasing groceries. Window dressing the real facts can lead to the damage to the reputa tion of the company and can also lose its customers. In the views of Vlasceanu (2013), there are series of aspects which determine the advertisement and consumers psychology and influence the decision behaviour of the consumers. Consumers psychology is the study of the behaviour of consumers in relation to psychological, physiological and decisional perspectives. The advertise psychology suggests that the advertisement has a purpose, a message to convey and the success of the sales of the organisation depends on how well the advertisement elaborates its characteristics and features. The advertisements focus on triggering the emotions of the consumers so that the urge of buying the product or service arises. In order to get publicity the advertisements uses the content sometimes which is not acceptable by the society. In the views of author, the advertisements need to be made by keeping in mind the values and ethics which are acceptable by the society. The advertisements with erotic content and sexual appeal get more views and responses but have negative effects on society. These negative effects can be premature sexual behaviours, controversies and wrong effect on children. Some of the authors are of the view that the sexual advertisements are created for attracting more publicity but lacks in ethical and cultural behaviour. These types of advertisements are offensive. The advertisements are ethical when they fulfil their basic criteria that is informing the potential customers about the product or service and shaping the attitude of the customer towards the brand. But involving the offensive contents just to increase the attractiveness towards the advertisement is purely unethical (Nooh, 2012). In the views of Rodrigo (2012), it is believed that the consumer behaviour is influenced by different types of promotional techniques. Advertisements determine whether the customers will accept the product or reject it. The marketers uses different types of techniques through advertising which helps in them in grasping the maximum share of market. But the main issue is that how ethical these advertisements are and what effect they have on the psychology of consumers. The author focuses on how the company uses every possible technique to increase their sales through advertisements. These tactics may also include unethical ways which have negative effects on the society. It is seen in the research that some advertisements have emotional and negative attitudinal reaction by the untargeted customers and therefore the drop in the sales was seen. It is very important for the business organisations and advertisers to understand that what impact their advertisements can make on the customers . The impact can be positive or negative which is to be kept in mind for successful future business. The study shows that every customer has different perception towards every advertisement. The companies should try to fulfil the expectations of the potential customers ensuring that these customers have ethical perception towards the advertisements which do not let the sales of the company drop. Rodrigo (2012) explained that ethics of advertising is something which ensures that no harm would be produced to the society and consumers. There are many researches carried out which showcases the relationship between the ethics in advertisements and in the consumer psychology. On the other hand, Rosenthal (2014), in his article believes that many of the successful marketers use psychology so that they can appeal the consumers well. They use psychology so that they can make a place in the hearts and minds of the consumers. These marketers use legal, ethical and genuine content to engage customers and to compel them to make purchase of their products or services. The marketers use psychology to gain competitive advantage in the market and to feel closer to the customers. Many studies have shown that the marketers use emotions and psychological appeal to get engaged with the customers. They involve emotions and also sometime highlight the flaws so that the customer could connect to them because of their genuineness. The marketers focus on trying to make people important and work on their exclusive features. This is how the marketers take care about the psychology of the consumers and try to avoid the concepts which are unethical. In the views of Anastasia (2015), Business ethics is one of the most complex subjects and this is very tough to decide that what the ethical way to sell things is. The ethical consideration is an issue because the marketers do not consider what is right or wrong for the society. It is often realised that if the companies will focus on being more ethical in their advertising practices, it will give its positive effects on each and every area of the business. Ethical advertising is when the companies or marketers promote their products or services honestly and with fairness. It is very tough to decide what is ethical and what is not because it is a subjective judgement todecide about right or wrong. Ethical marketing have some principles which are the general guidelines to maintain ethics in the activities of the organisations. These principles include maintaining truth and honesty, maintaining personal ethics as well, transparency is maintained, the government rules and regulations ar e complied with and the customers privacy is not compromised (Anastasia, 2015). For maintaining strong relationships with the customers for the long term, the companies should focus on being ethical while designing the advertisements otherwise it will lead to failure. Ethical marketing directly appeals customers and have impact on the customers psychology. The customers feel valued and entire thing works positively for the company (Smart, Barman Gunasekera, 2010). Unethical advertising can be the one which is against laws, making false claims about the quality and features of the product or service, puffing up on products, unverified claims, exploiting children or women and making false comparisons with other brands. In support to the above views and thoughts, Sidhu, et al. (2015) believes that ethics in advertising plays a pivotal role in the success of the advertisement. Advertisement is like a vehicle which drives the psychological forces of a consumer to buy the particular product or service. But at times, the advertisements go beyond the fair line of true information and involve unethical practices with a view to attract most of the customers. Especially young population of the society are influenced by these unethical means. But for the culture and values of the society, the advertisements should be designed keeping in mind the ethical values. The companies have to follow some regulations and laws made by the countrys government for maintaining ethics in the advertisements ad to avoid any misleading activities. There are codes and guidelines given by Advertising Codes and Regulations (ACCC) which is to be followed by the advertisers (Australian Government, 2016). In the views of Singal Kamra (2012), the scope of advertising is huge and provides competitive advantage to the brands but looking at a global perspective, there are some regulatory requirements which look into the subject matter of advertisement and the meaning. For e.g. In Europe, the sponsorship for the children programs is not allowed under the age of twelve. It also clears that 5 minutes before and after children program cannot be aired on television. In UK, no advertisement of tobacco can be aired in television or placed at billboards. This shows that the advertisementregulatory look for the clear and faithful advertisements and does not allow any advertisement which is manipulating, misguiding and have misleading information. If advertisements affect the buying behaviour of the consumers by using incorrect means and methods, it is unethical. Ethics helps in proper guidance of the customers and also maintains trust and faith between the advertiser and the consumer. Quality and currency of the Literature source: Quality of paper The Quality of the literature sources is good and all the sources are relevant and genuinely referred. Most of the resources are the journal articles and online articles by the authors which provide accurate information on the topic. The document from Austrian governments website is also referred for considering the legal obligations. All the matter is valid and researched properly. The sources are referenced properly which shows that they are credible. Currency of paper All the sources which are considered in the literature review are published in or after the year 2010. The sources are latest and not out of date for the research on the topic. The latest articles are given more preference than the ones which are older. The sources considered present a clear and direct knowledge on the topic Ethics in advertising and consumer psychology. It is always best to use current sources for literature to increase the credibility of the literature. Validity and Reliability The information provided from the literature sources is reliable and valid. All the sources are genuine and are read carefully to answer the research question. The purpose of the information was to answer the research question which has been done effectively. Different articles are been considered in order to compare and contrast the views of different authors and that is why different articles are been referred so that the views of these authors can be compared. These contents are not firsthand but they all are original and verified. All the references are cited in the literature so that credibility can be maintained. Research gap contribution Research gap can be referred to the non answered research question. This is what helps in publishing the research. The contribution made in the research is through the study of different articles and analysing them for reach8ing the conclusion for the research. The research gaps are that what role ethics play in advertising and how it is related to the consumer psychology. The gap is between the understanding of the link between the advertising ethics and consumer psychology and how it can make business more effective. Conclusion of Literature Review It can be concluded that different authors have different views on the ethics in advertising and consumer psychology but collaboratively, all the authors agree on the maintenance of ethics in advertisements for restoration of the values and culture of the nation and to make their important place in the life of the consumers. Being genuine and honest will create goodwill for the advertiser in the market and people could feel connected with these brands. Unethical advertisements could provide short term benefits of attracting more number of customers and high sales but it is not suitable for longer term. In longer term, people avoid the false advertisers and unethical content. So, this shows that ethics plays a pivotal role in the advertisements and in making impact on the psychology of the customers. References Adhikary, A 2014, Advertising: A Fusion Process between Consumer and Product, Procedia Economics and Finance 11 ( 2014 ) 230 238. Anastasia, 2015, Social Responsibility Ethics in Marketing, Cleverism. Australian Government, 2016, Legal obligations of Marketing. Retrieved from https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/develop-your-business-plans/marketing/legal-obligations-of-marketing. Drumwright, M E, 2012, Ethics and advertising theory, Advertising Theory, pp.463-479. Fatima, S Lodhi, S 2015, Impact of Advertisement on Buying Behaviours of the consumers: Study of Cosmetic Industry in Karachi City, International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, Vol-4, Issue 10. Gilaninia, S, Taleghani, M and Karimi, H 2013, Internet Advertising and Consumer Behavior in the Purchase of Products, Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 1, No.1. Martin, P 2010, Consumer attitudes and perceptions on sustainability, The Guardian. Nooh, M N 2012, Advertising ethics: A review,The Journal of Commerce,4(3), p.33. Rodrigo, 2012, Buying behavior, TV advertisements, ethical and unethical., the Write Pass Journal. Rosenthal, R 2014, 5 Psychological Tactics Marketers Use To Influence Consumer Behavior, Fast Company. Schlegelmilch, B B and berseder, M, 2010, Half a century of marketing ethics: Shifting perspectives and emerging trends, Journal of Business Ethics,93(1), pp.1-19. Sidhu, L S, Sharma, J, Shiny Shivani, 2015, Ethics in Advertising An Indian Perspective, International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 5. Singal, R Kamra, G 2012, Ethical Issues in Advertising, International Journal of Engineering, Science and Metallurgy. Smart, V, Barman, T Gunasekera, N 2010, Incorporating ethics into strategy: developing sustainable business models, Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. Suguna, T 2014, Customers perceptions on Unethical Advertising- A study on Reliability and Validity, International Journal of Economic and Business Review, Vol-4, Issue 10. Vlasceanu, S 2013, Psychology of the consumers and the advertise in terms of factors that leads to consumers decision making, Romanian Journal of Experimental applied psychology. Vol. 4, Issue 1.

French Education System Essays - DraftBedroom,

French Education System D'abord, les ?tudes, en France, sont s?rieux ! Aux Etats-Unis on peut terminer le lyc?e sans passer un examen (mais ?a va changer tout de suite avec les nouvelle loi de Grey Davis notre `gouverner d'Etat de Califorie). En France les lyc?ens doivent passer le bac, c'est ? dire, le baccalaurate. C'est un examen tr?s important qui marque la fin des ?tudes secondaires et qui determine, en grande partie, l'avenir des lyc?ens. S'ils sont re?us, ils peuvent aller ? l'universit? et continuer leurs ?tudes. S'ils ratent le bac, ils peuvent redoubler et se repr?senter l'ann?e suivante, ou bien ils peuvent faire des ?tudes techniques, ou entrer dans la vie professionelle, ou, pour les gar?ons, faire leur service militaire. Il y a plusiers types de bac. Ils sont d?sign?s par des lettres. Dans chaque s?rie, l'?l?ve doit choisir une sp?cialit?. Il y trois s?ries principales avec leurs sp?cialit?s. Il y le S?rie litt?raire, le Bac L avec langues vivantes, lettres classiques, art et math?matiques. Le S?rie ?conomique et sociale, Bac ES avec les sp?cialit?s de sciences ?conomiques et sociale, math?matiques, et langues vivantes. Et finalment, il y a le S?rie scientifique, le bac S avec math?matiques, physique chimie, sciences de la vie et de la terre, et technologie industrielle. Ces sp?cialit?s sont important parce qu'elles d?terminent le genre d'?tudes universitaires qu'on peut faire, et, par cons?quent, sa profession future. Par exemple, si on veut ?tre m?decin ou pharmacien, il est conseill? de faire un bac S. sp?cialit? sciences de la vie et de la terre. Si on pense faire des ?tudes de droit, et devenir avocat, il est pr?f?rable de faire un bac ES, sp?cialit? sciences ?conomiques et sociales. Normalement, les ?tudes universitaires aux Etas-Unis durent quatre ans, mais en France ils durent au moins trois ans. Aussi, certains jeunes qui ont le bac pr?f?rent ?tudier en I.U.T. (institut Superieur de Technologie) o? ils peuvent obtenir un dipl?me universitaire de technologie apr?s deux ann?es d'?tudes. Les grandes ?coles sont une autre option. Ce sont des ?coles sp?cialis?es dans certains domaines : commerce, administration publique, profesions d'ing?nieur, etc. Pour entrer dans ces ?cole prestigieuses, il faut passer un concours extr?mement difficile, auquel la plupart des candidats ?chouent. Cependant, si on est re?u, et si on obtient le dipl?me d'une de ces ?coles, on a toutes les chances de faire une brillante carri?re dans le commerce, la finance, l'industrie et m?me la politique. Comme on peut le voir, les dipl?mes ont beaucoup d'importance en France. Un dipl?me repr?sente une carte d'entr?e dans la vie professionelle. En France, les ?tudes sont s?rieux

Many Uses of the Word ;Con in Spanish

Many Uses of the Word ;Con in Spanish The Spanish word  con,  pronounced much like the English word cone, not like con, is one of the most commonly used prepositions. In most uses, it is the equivalent of the English word with.   The word  con is more versatile than the English with, however, and it may be used in places where with might not be used in English.  For example, con can be paired with certain verbs, can be used to form phrases that function like adverbs, indicate conditions, and form contractions. Con Used With Certain Verbs Con  can be used with various verbs where a different preposition  or none at all would be used in English. Such usages are unpredictable and need to be learned along with the verbs. Spanish Sentence English Translation Verb Combination Es necesario acabar con el escndalo. It is necessary to put an end to the scandal. acabar con/put an end to Para comer, basta con cinco dà ³lares. In order to eat, five dollars is enough. basta con/is enough El coche chocà ³ con el tren. The car crashed into the train. chocà ³ con/crashed into Puedo contar con mis amigos. I can count on my friends. contar con/count on Tengo que enfrentarme con el problema. I have to face up to the problem. enfrentarme con/face up to Me espanto con las hormigas. I am frightened of ants. Me espanto con/to be frightened of Muchas veces sueà ±o con la guerra. I often dream about the war. sueà ±o con/dream about Quiero encontrarme con mi madre. I want to run into my mother. encontrarme con/to run into When used with the verbs above, con could be understood to mean with, but it would be awkward to translate it literally that way. Con Used to Form Phrases That Function Like Adverbs In English, with can be used to form adverbial phrases, but but such phrases using con are far more common in Spanish. In some cases, such adverbial phrases  are used in preference to or instead of synonymous adverbs. This list below is far from complete. Spanish Sentence English Translation Adverbial Phrase/Literal Meaning Habla con intensidad. He speaks intensely. con intensidad/with intensity Me preguntà ³ con cortesà ­a. He asked me courteously. con cortesà ­a/with courtesy Vive con felicidad. She lives happily. con felicidad/with happiness Anda con prisa. She walks fast. con prisa/with speed No reacciona con miedo. She doesn't react fearfully. con miedo/with fear Nos abrazamos con carià ±o. We hugged affectionately. con carià ±o/with caring Comenzà ³ las tareas con buena cara. He began his homework optimistically. con buena cara/with a good face Bailan con confianza. They dance confidently. con confianza/with confidence Hablaron con calma. They spoke calmly. con calma/with calm Habla espaà ±ol con fluidez. She speaks Spanish fluently. con fluidez/with fluency Se viste con humildad. He dresses humbly. con humildad/with humility Da su opinià ³n con libertad. She freely gives her opinion. con libertad/with freedom Te quiero con locura. I love you madly. con locura/with craziness Estamos esperando con ilusià ³n. We are waiting hopefully. con ilusià ³n/with hope Juega fà ºtbol con ganas. He plays soccer enthusiastically. con ganas/with gusto El perro duerme con frecuencia. The dog sleeps often. con frecuencia/with frequency Con Used to Indicate a Condition Sometimes when followed by an infinitive or a noun, con can have a variety of translations to indicate a condition being met or not. Translations for con in this case can include if, despite, and by. Spanish Sentence English Translation Meaning of Condition Con decirle que no tengo dinero, todo estar bien. By telling him that I don't have money, everything will be fine. con decirle/by telling him Con todo, no est enferma. Despite everything, she's not sick. con todo/despite everything Con correr puedes verla. If you run you can see her. con correr/if you run Con Used as a Contraction When con is followed by the pronoun mà ­ or ti to say with me or with you, the phrase is changed to conmigo or contigo, respectively. Spanish Sentence English Translation Contraction Ven conmigo. Come with me. conmigo/with me Vendrà © contigo. I will come with you. contigo/with you Key Takeaways Although con is the usual  equivalent of the English preposition with, it is often used in situations were with is not.Con is frequently paired with numerous verbs in unpredictable ways.Con is also frequently used with prepositional objects to form phrases that function as adverbs in situations where English would more likely simply use an adverb.

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resource - Essay Example Social needs are the next level of need in the hierarchy. After the satisfaction of the physiological needs and the safety needs the next need is the need for meaningful relationships and to be accepted in the society. An organization’s internal work environment decides the importance of this need. When an organization has a participatory leadership style, the workers start to feel part of the organization and this helps to increase their motivation by satisfying their social needs. An organization can be used this need to increase the motivation of its workers. The management can form teams/ clubs within the organization to recognize good performers. Achievements on the job can be rewarded to increase the commitment of the employees towards their jobs. Esteem needs which follow the social needs are concerned with self-respect, feeling of personal worth, feeling of being unique and recognizable. This need can be used positively by recognition and appreciation of the workers. T he ultimate need in the hierarchy is the self-actualization needs which helps to achieve one’s full potential. This is related to the development of intrinsic capabilities which lead people to seek situations that can utilize their potential. These set of needs can be satisfied by creating opportunities for the workers who can steer ahead themselves. The levels of hierarchy in an organization should be minimized and the personnel can be empowered to plan and execute their tasks which can motivate them to achieve their full potential.

Social Psychology - Prejudice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Psychology - Prejudice - Essay Example Finally, this paper shall also suggest ways in order to remedy this issue or situation. Social psychologists have attempted to explain prejudice by using various theories. One of the main theories they have used is the theory of innate tendency. This theory basically explains that people are borne with the innate quality of gravitating or liking people who are like them and of disliking or hating other people who are not like him (Sharma & Sharma, 1997). Through the theory of self-love, social psychologists explain how people tend to love themselves. Therefore people are often disgusted by other people who are different from them (Sharma & Sharma, 1997). Social psychologists also point out that the ethnocentric theory is all about the belief that one’s group is moral, right, and rational – and that other cultures are inferior (Sociology Index, 2009). In judging other cultures or beliefs, these individuals tend to base their judgments on their standards – without attempting to understand the perspectives of their members. In yet another theory, the psycho-analytic theory â€Å"considers human experience to be root cause of prejudice† (Sharma & Sharma, 1997. The experiences which reflect favorable outcomes affect the person’s behavior in relation to similar future experiences. Unfavorable experiences also manifest and affect the overall behavior of a person in relation to similar future experiences (Sharma & Sharma, 1997). Prejudices in interracial experiences in Singapore affect the occurrence and prevalence of interracial marriages. This interracial prejudice has affected them to a point where marriages between ethnic lines has not happened often (Country Data, 1989). From 1954 to 1984, rates of marriages between ethnic divides occurred at 5 to 6 percent of all marriages (Country Data, 1989). In considering the innate tendency theory, the

Design Of A Sulfuric Acid Production Plant Engineering Essay

Design Of A Sulfuric Acid Production Plant Engineering Essay This project is prepared according to the requirements of chemical engineering department, and its also a preliminary study of sulfuric acid production plant. The project begins with chapter one which includes introduction, definition of sulfuric acid and shows the main uses of sulfuric acid which have made it an important chemical in the world, followed by chapter two which talks about literature, market survey and the history and current processes for production the sulfuric acid also it gives small glimpse of the prices trends of the raw material and product. That is followed by description for various processes to produce sulfuric acid in chapter three, which ends with the selection of the best process which is the double contact process; the description and flow sheet of the selected process are discussed in chapter four. Material and energy balance results are listed in chapter five and the location of the plant is selected in chapter six by comparing different locations, and the best location for the plant (as its set in this report) is Aqaba city. . Finally, material and energy balance details are discussed in the appendix, that includes the used charts and references. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definition Sulfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is a clear, colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is very corrosive. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry. There are another names for sulfuric acid, it is sometimes called oil of vitriol.1 Its chemical formula is Figure (1.1.1): Sulfuric Acid Formula1 1.2 Physical and Chemical properties This table shows the main chemical and physical properties of sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid IUPAC Oil of vitriol Other name H2O4S Molecular formula 98.08 g molà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 Molar mass Clear, colorless, odorless liquid Appearances 1.84 g/cm3, liquid Density 10  Ã‚ °C, 283  K, 50  Ã‚ °F Melting point 337  Ã‚ °C, 610  K, 639  Ã‚ °F Boiling point Miscible Solubility in water à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3 Acidity(pka) pungent odor Odor Non-flammable Flash point 26.7 cP (20  °C) Viscosity 0.3 Ph Table (1.2.1): physical properties1 1.3 Application and Uses Sulfuric acid is a very important chemical commodity, and indeed, a nations sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. It is used as electrolyte in lead-acid batteries (accumulators) . It is important in the production of fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate (sulfate of ammonia), (NH4)2SO4, and superphosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2, which is formed when rock phosphate is treated with sulfuric acid. It is used to remove oxides from iron and steel before galvanising or electroplating . Concentrated sulfuric acid is used as a dehydrating agent, that is, to remove water, since it has a tendency to form hydrates such as H2SO4.H2O, H2SO4.2H2O. Sulfuric acid is used in the production of nitroglycerine, an inorganic ester organic nitrate, which is used as an explosive. It is used in petroleum refining to wash impurities out of gasoline and other refinery products. It is used in manufacturing of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, ether, plastics, metal sulfates, cellophane, dyes, drugs, perfumes, disinfectants and even glue.1 This chart shows the distribution of using sulfuric acid Figure (1.3.1): Sulfuric Acid Distribution.1 Specification of raw materials sulfur, S, 16 Name, symbol, number 32.065g ·molà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 Standard atomic weight Yellow colored lumps, crystals, powder, or formed shape Appearances Lumps 75-115 lbs./ft3 Powder 33-80 lbs./ft3 Bulk Density 388.36  K,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡115.21  Ã‚ °C,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡239.38  Ã‚ °F Melting point 717.8  K,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡444.6  Ã‚ °C,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡832.3  Ã‚ °F Boiling point Insoluble Solubility In Water Solid Physical State 1.819 g ·cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3 Liquid density at maps. Table (1.3.1): Physical Chemical Properties of Sulfur.1 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE AND MARKET SURVEY 2.1 History and Current processes The discovery of sulfuric acid is credited to the 8th century chemist and alchemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber). The acid was later studied by 9th century Persian physician and alchemist Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes), who obtained the substance by dry distillation of minerals including iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4 ·7H2O, and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4 ·5H2O. When heated, these compounds decompose to iron(II) oxide and copper(II) oxide, respectively, giving off water and sulfur trioxide, which combine to produce a dilute solution of sulfuric acid. 1 This method was popularized in Europe through translations of Arabic and Persian treatises, as well as books by European alchemists, such as the 13th-century German Albertus Magnus.1 There are two major processes (lead chamber and contact) for production of sulfuric acid and it is available commercially in a number of grades and concentrations. The lead chamber process, the older of the two processes, is used to produce much of the acid used to make fertilizers; it produces a relatively dilute acid (62%-78% H2SO4). The contact process produces a purer, more concentrated acid but requires purer raw materials and the use of expensive catalysts. n both processes sulfur dioxide is oxidized and dissolved in water. The sulfur dioxide is obtained by burning sulfur, by burning pyrites (iron sulfides), by roasting nonferrous sulfide ores preparatory to smelting, or by burning hydrogen sulfide gas. Some sulfuric acid is also made from ferrous sulfate waste solutions from pickling iron and steel and from waste acid sludge from oil refineries. 1 2.2 Supply and Demand This table shows the production rates of sulfuric acid (in metric tones) in some countries at different years. Production of sulfuric acid in metric tones Year country 1994 1997 2000 2006 France 2227 2242 2269 1755 Germany 3380 3496 4898 4595 Greece 360 675 688 815 Italy 1228 1590 1043 1616 Spain 2348 2810 2418 3500 United kingdom 1225 1205 1058 447 Sweden 518 630 629 1010 Table (2.2.1): Production Rates of Sulfuric Acid.3 This table shows the production and sales amounts of sulfuric acid and the consumption rate of sulfur in Jordan from 2000 to 2005, these amounts in (ton/year). Sulfur consumption (ton/tear) Ù Sulfuric acid Year Sales (ton/year) Production (ton/year) 370925 43824 1108605 2000 309816 46614 919548 2001 351011 43307 1055208 2002 265865 51445 961208 2003 364301 49661 1102899 2004 346345 48323 1046540 2005 Table (2.2.2)Jordan Production, Sales and Raw Material Consumption.5 2.3 Prices trends of the raw material and product The global sulfuric acid market experienced an unprecedented rise and fall in pricing between fall 2007 and spring 2009. Consumption of sulfuric acid for fertilizers fell steeply in the second half of 2008 due to the collapse in the global economy. The second half of 2009 is expected to experience almost flat to slightly positive growth, anticipating the improvement in market conditions in 2010. Trade is expected to fall globally, except for Southeast Asia, which would continue to depend on imports. As of early spring 2009, the market is continuing to deteriorate as the supply shortage situation has been replaced by product oversupply in almost all regions. And the world sulfuric acid supply trends are shown in the following chart. Figure (2.3.1): World Sulfuric Acid Supply.2 CHAPTER THREE PROCESS SELECTION Process Selection Sulfuric acid is an important raw material used in many industrial processes, such as phosphate fertilizer production and to a much lesser extent for nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, sulfuric acid is produced by catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, which is subsequently absorbed in water to form sulfuric acid. There are no major variations of commercial interests on this mentioned chemistry. There are alternatives as to source of Sulfur dioxide and method of conversion to sulfur trioxide. The two most common methods for the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid are: 1. Lead Chamber Process. 2. Contact Process 3.1 Lead Chamber Process This is an old process and was introduced in Europe in near the middle of 18th century, its used to produce much of the acid used to make fertilizers; it produces a- relatively dilute acid (62%-78% H2SO4).The classic lead chamber process consists of three stages: Glover tower, lead chambers and Guy-Lussac Tower. In this method hot sulfuric dioxide gas enters the bottom of the reactor called a Glover tower where it is washed with nitrous vitriol (sulfuric acid with nitric oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, dissolved in it) and mixed with nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide gases. The Glover tower serves two functions: concentration of the chamber acid and stripping of nitrogen oxides from the liquid to the gas. Concentration of the chamber acid (62% to 68% H2SO4) is achieved by the hot gases entering the tower which evaporate water from the acid. Some of the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide and dissolved in the acid wash to form tower acid or Glover acid (about 78% H2SO4). The dissolved nitrogen oxides are stripped from the acid and carried with the gas out of the Glover tower into the lead chambers. From the acid tower a mixture of gases (including sulfur dioxide and trioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen, oxygen, and steam) is transferred to a lead-lined chamber where it is reacted with more water. Sulfuric acid is formed by a complex series of reactions; it condenses on the walls and collects on the floor of the chamber. There may be from three to twelve chambers in a series. The acid produced in the chambers, often called chamber acid or fertilizer acid, contains 62% to 68% H2SO4. After the gases have passed through the chambers they are passed into a reactor called the Gay-Lussac tower where they are washed with cooled concentrated acid (from the acid tower); the nitrogen oxides and unreacted sulfur dioxide dissolve in the acid to form the nitrous vitriol used in the acid tower. Remaining waste gases are usually discharged into the atmosphere. Product acid at a concentration of 78% H2SO4  is drawn from the cooled acid stream that is circulated from the Glover tower to the Guy-Lussac tower.   Nitrogen losses are made up with nitric acid which is added to the Glover tower. The major disadvantage includes the limitations in throughput, quality and concentration of the acid produced, also the environmental pollution. Figure (3.1.1): Typical process flow sheet for the lead Chamber. 3.2 Contact Process Because of economic reasons Contact plants are widely used compared to the lead plants, they are classified according to the raw materials charged to them: elemental Sulfur burning, spent sulfuric acid and hydrogen sulfide burning, and metal sulfide ores and smelter gas burning. The contributions from these plants to the total acid production are 81, 8, and 11 percent, respectively. The contact process incorporates three basic operations (stages), each of which corresponds to a distinct chemical reaction. First, elemental sulfur is received in a solid form containing various impurities. The sulfur is melted in the sulfur melter in the presence of hydrated lime which neutralizes any acidity present in the sulfur. This neutralization prevents problems of acid corrosion which would otherwise be encountered. Heat for the melting of the sulfur is supplied from steam coils. The molten sulfur is kept agitated to improve heat transfer, to prevent solids settling on the bottom of the sulfur pits and to prevent a crust forming on top. The dirty sulfur is filtered to remove impurities present and after filtering is transferred to the clean sulfur pit where it is kept molten until it is pumped to the burner. Molten sulfur at a temperature of 130 °C is sprayed into the burner in the presence of warm, dry air. The sulfur burns, forming sulfur dioxide S + O2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   SO2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H = -300 kJ mol-1 The resulting sulfur dioxide is fed to a process unit called a converter, where it is catalytically oxidized to sulfur trioxide (SO3): 2SO2 + O2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2SO3 ΆH = -100 kJ mol-1 Its apparent that the equation gives a decrease in volume; this reaction would be aided by pressure. High conversions are however, obtainable with catalysts at 400 to 500oC with a small excess of oxygen and the use of pressure. The available methods to maximize the formation of SO3: As this is an exothermic process, a decrease in temperature by removal of the heat will favour the formation of SO3. Increased oxygen concentration. SO3 removal (as in the case of the double absorption process). Increased pressure. Catalyst selection, to reduce the working temperature (equilibrium). Longer reaction time. In the contact processes, the sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfur trioxide by the use of metal oxide catalyst, the characteristics of the used catalyst are: Porous carrier having large surface area, controlled pore size and resistance to process gases at high temperature; in pellet form if used in fixed bed and powdered form if used for fluidized bed. Ex- Alumina, silica gel, zeolites. Active catalytic agent: Preparations are generally kept secret for the competitive reasons but they usually consist of adding water soluble compounds to gels or porous substrates and firing at temperature below the sintering point. Promoter: Alkali and/or metallic compounds added in trace amounts to enhance the activity of the catalytic agent. A catalyst, vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used to increase the reaction rate because its relatively immune to poisons, also because of its low initial investment and only 5% replacement per year. It is only effective above its melting point of 400  °C. The greatest conversion of SO2 to SO3 is reached by passing the gas over several catalyst beds, cooling the gas between each pass so that the reaction temperature remains between 400 and 500  °C. As can be seen the figure. The disadvantages of using the V2O5 catalyst are that it must use dilute SO2 input (7-10%), as a catalyst it is less active and requires high oxygen or sulfur dioxide to give economic conversions also it requires larger converters and thus higher initial investment. Finally, the sulfur trioxide is absorbed in to very concentrated sulfuric acid (a 98-99 percent solution of H2SO4 in water), This operation takes place in the absorbing tower where the gas travels up through the tower, counter-current to the acid falling from the top of the tower producing a thick fuming liquid called oleum, the oleum is mixed carefully with water to avoid producing fine mist of sulfuric acid that is difficult to condense and could escape to pollute the air, the sulfur trioxide in the oleum reacts with the water as follows: SO3 + H2O â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  H2SO4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H = -200 kJ mol-1 It is clear that the reaction is exothermic and the absorbing sulfuric acid has to be cooled continuously; the heat is available at a relatively low temperature and is not worth recovering. The efficiency of the absorption step is related to : The H2SO4 concentration of the absorbing liquid. (98.5 99.5%). The temperature range of the liquid (normally 70 -120 0C). The technique of the acid distribution. The raw gas humidity (mist passes the absorption equipment). The mist filter. The temperature of incoming gas. The co-current or countercurrent character of the gas stream in the absorbing liquid. Main disadvantages of the contact process are that concentrated acid (98%) of high purity can be produced directly and that compact plants of quite high capacity have now become rather common place. The contact process can be applied in different techniques; three of those techniques are described in the following sections 3.2.1 Single contact / single absorption process After purification and drying, the SO2 is converted to SO3 using a series of four catalyst beds, containing alkali and V2O5. Afterwards, the SO3 is absorbed in concentrated sulfuric acid and, if necessary, an oleum absorber is installed upstream. SO3 reacts with the water contained in the absorber acid to yield H2SO4. The absorber acid is kept at the desired concentration of approximately 99% w/w by addition of water or dilute H2SO4. The single contact/single absorption process is generally used for gases with an SO2 Content from 3 6 %. New single contact plants are built only for inlet gases with substantial fluctuation of the SO2 content. The investment cost of this technique is low compared to the investment cost of double contact plants. Figure (3.2.1.1): Typical process flow sheet for a single catalysis plant. 3.2.2 Double Contact/ Double Absorption Process The double contact process was implemented to develop the single contact/single absorption process. In this process a primary SO2 conversion of 85 95 % is achieved in the first catalysis stage of the converter before entry into an intermediate absorber, depending on the arrangement of the converter beds and the contact time. What makes the double contact/double absorption process more advantageous is that its ability to feed gases with higher SO2 concentrations than would be possible with the single catalysis process. Which leads to smaller gas volumes and therefore smaller equipment with comparable production capacities. This results in a considerably higher conversion rate, if the residual gas is passed through the following converter beds (usually one or two). The SO3 which is formed in the second catalysis stage is absorbed in the final absorber. In general the process uses gases with an SO2 content of 10 t o11 %. The inlet gas temperature is about 4000C. Gases with lower temperatures require reheating from 50 to 4000C. This is usually carried out with recovered heats from the conversion process. Operating the double contact process at an elevated pressure of 5 bar increases the conversion rate by shifting the conversion equilibrium and favouring the formation of SO3. The disadvantages are higher electricity consumption and, at the same time, less steam production. Higher NOx emissions are caused by higher sulfur combustion temperatures (18000C), but savings of 10 -17 % on investment costs are gained. Figure 3.2.2.1: Typical process flow sheet for a sulfur burning double catalysis plant. 3.2.3 Wet catalysis process The wet catalysis process is applicable to wet SO2 gases. The potential for the formation of sulfuric acid mist might require tail gas treatment. Wet SO2 gases (eg. from the burning of H2S gases or from the catalytic conversion of H2S gases) are directly supplied into the contact tower without previous drying. SO3 formed by the catalytic conversion immediately reacts with the moisture of the gases, thereby forming the acetic acid. The sulfuric acid is condensed in a condenser installed after the contact tower. Factors Sulfuric Acid Production By Lead Chamber process Sulfuric Acid Production By single contact/single absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By double contact/double absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By Wet Catalysis process Health and safety hazards involved Less safe, waste gases are discharged to the atmosphere Less amount of SO3 is absorbed so the rest is discharged to the atmosphere A larger amount of SO3 is absorbed A larger amount of SO3 is absorbed Operating cost High operating cost Less operating The least operating cost Less operating cost Raw material SO2, NO, NO2, O2, H2O. Melted sulfur, O2, SO2, SO3. Melted sulfur, H2O, O2, SO2, SO3. Wet SO2 gases, H2S, O2, SO3. Waste products and by products Exhaust gases are discharged to the atmosphere Large amounts of SO2 gas are discharged to the atmosphere Less amounts of SO2 gas are discharged to the atmosphere, less heat released after each successive catalyst bed. A larger amount of SO3 is absorbed Equipment Acid Tower (Glover Tower), Lead Chambers, Reactor (Gay-lussac Tower) Air dryer, burner, waste heat boiler, converter, single absorption column. Air dryer, burner, waste heat boiler, converter, intermediate and external absorption column. Burner, convertor, acid tower. Yield Yields 78% H2SO4 New plants achieve 98 to99 % conversion rates Yields about 98% Yields 70 to 80 % H2SO4   Environmental pollution More gases are discharged to the atmosphere More gases discharged to the atmosphere Less gases discharged to the atmosphere More gases are discharger to the atmosphere Purity of products Low purity Low purity High purity Low purity Table (3.2.1): Process selection Factors Sulfuric Acid Production By Lead Chamber process Sulfuric Acid Production By single contact/single absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By double contact/double absorption process Sulfuric Acid Production By Wet Catalysis process Health and safety hazards involved 5 5 5 3 Operating cost 6 4 7 5 Raw material 6 5 7 5 Waste products and by products 6 6 7 5 Equipment 7 5 8 6 Yield 5 6 7 9 Environmental pollution 5 5 6 4 Purity of products 6 5 7 9 Total (80) 46 41 54 46 Table (3.2.2): Process Selection According to the discussion and the data presented above we choose the Double Contact/Double Absorption process. CHAPTER FOUR PROCESS DISCRIPTION 4.1 Production of H2SO4 by double contact process The process begins in the burner, in which the melt sulfur is pumped to the burner where it is burnt in an excess of dry air. The gas exiting the burner is maintained at (8 9%v/v) sulfur dioxide and approximately 830 °C due to the heat produced by the exothermic reaction. Sulfurs on burning gives about one third of heat combustion of coal ,and this heat raises the temperature of combustion gases roughly in accordance with the figure (4.1.1) as shown. Figure (4.1.1): Theoretical Flame Temperature.8 This heat is high in temperature and there is plenty of it, consequently it is worth utilizing and the hot gases are led across pipes through which the water passes. The water is heated, steam is raised and the gases are cooled. The sulfur dioxide/air gas mixture is then passed through the stream to converter. The sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfur trioxide by reacting with oxygen over a catalyst. This reaction is described by the equation: 2SO2 + O2 â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2SO3 ΆH = -100 kJ mol-1 This reaction occurs in the converter, a four-stage reaction vessel with each stage consisting of a solid catalyst bed through which the gas is passed. The catalyst used is vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), and potassium sulphate dispersed on a silica base which forms a porous support, giving a large surface area for reaction. This reaction is exothermic and its equilibrium constant decreases with increasing temperature (Le Chatelier.s Principle). Figure (4.1.2) shows the percentage conversion of SO2 to SO3 that would be reached at an SO2 concentration of 8% v/v and a range of gas temperatures. However, the reaction rate is also temperature dependent, so that if the temperature becomes too low the equilibrium point will not be reached. In practice, the gas temperature must be maintained between (400 500 °C) to maintain a high reaction rate and also high conversion equilibrium. As the reaction is exothermic, heat is generated across each of the catalyst beds. This heat must be removed between each stage to maintain the optimum reaction temperature into the following stage. The temperature rise through each catalyst bed and the inter-stage cooling is shown in Figure (4.1.2). Figure (4.1.2): The Temperature Rise Through Beds.7 The gas after passing through three catalyst bed goes to the first absorption tower where the Sulfur trioxide is removed. The gas is then reheated to about 420 C, passed through the fourth catalyst bed, then cooled and sent to a second absorption tower. The gas mixture goes to the first and second absorption tower, a packed tower where SO3 is absorbed into a counter-current flow of 98 99% sulfuric acid. The overall reaction can be described by the following equation, where sulfur trioxide reacts with the free water to produce sulfuric acid: SO3 + H2O â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  H2SO4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H = -200 kJ mol-1 The circulating sulfuric acid must be maintained at about 98% concentration and temperature is controlled in the desired rang of (70 °C_90 °C) to maximize the absorption efficiency. The acid strength is important because the vapor pressure of sulfur trioxide above sulfuric acid is at a minimum at an acid strength of 98% (see Figure (4.1. 3)). At higher concentrations the increased vapor pressure is caused by SO3 and at lower concentrations the water vapor pressure increases sharply and the resultant acid mist is not readily re-absorbed and escapes to the atmosphere. A stream of sulfuric acid is continuously bled off and cooled through a plate heat exchanger before being passed into the storage tanks. Figure (4.1.3): Relation Between Vapor Pressure and Concentration.7 Figure (4.1.4) : Flow Sheet CHAPTER FIVE ENERGY AND MASS BALANCE 5.1 MASS BALANCE *Drier: Components Amount % H20 1.27 1.3 O2 21.12 23 N2 69.4 75.7 Temperature 25C pressure 1 atm M1 M2 Components Amount % H2SO4 39.4 98 H2O 0.8 2 Temperature 150C pressure 1 atm M3 Components Amount % O2 21.12 23.3 N2 69.4 76.7 Temperature 25C pressure 1 atm M4 Components Amount % H2SO4 39.42 95 H2O 2.1 5 Temperature 150C pressure 1 atm *Burner: M3 Components Amount % O2 21.12 23.3 N2 69.4 76.7 Temperature 26C pressure 1 atm M5 Components Amount % S 3.76 100 Components Amount % SO2 28.16 29 O2 7.04 7 N2 69.4 64 Temperature 830C pressure 1 atm   M6 *Converter: M6 Components Amount % SO2 28.16 29 O2 7.04 7 N2 69.4 64 Temperature 400C pressure 1 atm M7 Components Amount % O2 2.11 2 N2 69.44 66 SO2 8.45 8 SO3 24.64 24 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M8 Components Amount % SO2 26.72 26 O2 1.69 1.6 N2 69.44 66.4 SO3 26.72 26 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M9 Components Amount % SO2 0.314 6 O2 0.0768 1.5 N2 3.47 66.5 SO3 1.36 26 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M10 Components Amount % SO2 0.314 6 O2 0.0768 1.5 N2 3.47 66.5 SO3 1.36 26 Temperature 450 pressure 1 atm M11 Components Amount % SO2 6.08 6 O2 1.54 6 N2 65.97 66.5 SO3 25.84 26 Temperature

Freedom Through the Pursuit of Dreams in Their Eyes Were Watching God E

Freedom Through the Pursuit of Dreams in Their Eyes Were Watching God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the Civil War and the emancipation of the slaves, the ex-slaves could not find enough good work to earn a living. Jim Crow laws were installed to push blacks further away from reaching their dreams. These laws were enforced after Plessy v. Ferguson conviction that blacks and whites could have everything "separate but equal." This included schools, transportation, drinking fountains, bathrooms and more. By 1914 all towns were split down the middle with the blacks on one side and whites on the other (Hoobler 51). The Homestead Act was established in 1866 to help blacks grow in their society. Many bought their own farms or went North and learned to linotype or held other professions such as shoemaking (Hoobler 51). With the movement of blacks to the North came the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance, a black movement in New York in which blacks began to more freely express themselves and their ideas (Rood 38). In illustrating gender roles and the class structu re of a black society, author Zora Neale Hurston portrays the changing black society in her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God through characters that follow their dreams, which helps them take possession of their own lives. The role of women in a black society is a major theme of this novel. Many women help demonstrate Hurston's ideas. Hurston uses Janie's grandmother, Nanny, to show one extreme of women in a black society, the women who follow in the footsteps of their ancestors. Nanny is stuck in the past. She still believes in all the things that used to be, and wants to keep things the way they were, but also desires a better life for her granddaughter than she had. When Nanny catc... ...    Works Cited 1. "Booker Taliafero Washington." Alabama Department Archives & History. asc.edu. World Wide Web. 18 Jan. 1996. Available http://www.asc.edu/archives/famous/b_wash.html. 3. Encarta. Vers. 1997. Computer Software. Encarta, 1997. CD-rom. 4. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937. 5. Hoobler, Dorothy and Thomas. The African American Family Album. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995 6. "Jim Crow Laws." FX Bulletin Board Systems. Fxbbs.com. World Wide Web. Available http://www.fxbbs.com/reports/jimcrow.html . 7. Nash, Gary B. American Odyssey. USA: Glencoe Division of Macmilla/McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1992 8. Rood, Karen L. American Decades 1920-1929. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc., 1996 9. Whiston, Julie. World Wide Web. Available http://www.grin.edu/~gardnerj/thirties/jw.html Freedom Through the Pursuit of Dreams in Their Eyes Were Watching God E Freedom Through the Pursuit of Dreams in Their Eyes Were Watching God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the Civil War and the emancipation of the slaves, the ex-slaves could not find enough good work to earn a living. Jim Crow laws were installed to push blacks further away from reaching their dreams. These laws were enforced after Plessy v. Ferguson conviction that blacks and whites could have everything "separate but equal." This included schools, transportation, drinking fountains, bathrooms and more. By 1914 all towns were split down the middle with the blacks on one side and whites on the other (Hoobler 51). The Homestead Act was established in 1866 to help blacks grow in their society. Many bought their own farms or went North and learned to linotype or held other professions such as shoemaking (Hoobler 51). With the movement of blacks to the North came the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance, a black movement in New York in which blacks began to more freely express themselves and their ideas (Rood 38). In illustrating gender roles and the class structu re of a black society, author Zora Neale Hurston portrays the changing black society in her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God through characters that follow their dreams, which helps them take possession of their own lives. The role of women in a black society is a major theme of this novel. Many women help demonstrate Hurston's ideas. Hurston uses Janie's grandmother, Nanny, to show one extreme of women in a black society, the women who follow in the footsteps of their ancestors. Nanny is stuck in the past. She still believes in all the things that used to be, and wants to keep things the way they were, but also desires a better life for her granddaughter than she had. When Nanny catc... ...    Works Cited 1. "Booker Taliafero Washington." Alabama Department Archives & History. asc.edu. World Wide Web. 18 Jan. 1996. Available http://www.asc.edu/archives/famous/b_wash.html. 3. Encarta. Vers. 1997. Computer Software. Encarta, 1997. CD-rom. 4. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937. 5. Hoobler, Dorothy and Thomas. The African American Family Album. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995 6. "Jim Crow Laws." FX Bulletin Board Systems. Fxbbs.com. World Wide Web. Available http://www.fxbbs.com/reports/jimcrow.html . 7. Nash, Gary B. American Odyssey. USA: Glencoe Division of Macmilla/McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1992 8. Rood, Karen L. American Decades 1920-1929. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc., 1996 9. Whiston, Julie. World Wide Web. Available http://www.grin.edu/~gardnerj/thirties/jw.html

Code of Ethics of Goldman Sachs’

Title:The effectiveness of Goldman Sachs’ code of ethics Date:17 October 2012 To:CEO, Lloyd C. Blankfein Introduction The code of ethics  is adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference between ‘right' and ‘wrong' and in applying that understanding to their decisions. An effective code of ethics should also help to delineate the proper procedures to determine whether a violation of the code of ethics has occurred and, if so, what remedies should be imposed.After reviewing the company’s code of ethics, we found that it has well established the concept of business ethics and the company’s objective, and also several kinds of encouragement to promote the ethical business behavior effectively. The company’s code of ethics, however, is not practical enough for implementation as the content is too general and vague, and there are not enough guidelines and regulations to help the staff to detect or solve the ethical iss ues. What makes the Code of Ethics Effective: According to the code of ethics, the employees are encouraged to expose any misconducts or unethical issues in the company.The company has also established a certain department, the Global Compliance Division or Legal Department, as the platform for reporting any violation of the code, and it also helps the employees to identify and escalate potential ethical issues. Meanwhile, the company has also set up the Non-Retaliation Policy which strictly prohibits the retaliation against anyone who reports in good faith a possible violation of the Code. Under those policies and procedures, the employees will feel easy to voice out if they found something going in the wrong track.What makes the Code of Ethics Ineffective: The code of ethics of the company consists a large portion of text about the general code of ethics which is applied to every individual unit, but it emphasis less on the code for investment banking industry, such as insider dea ling, money laundering, outside business activities and relationship and other potential conflict of interest, and staff’s personal financial affairs. Without any detailed case illustration for each of the particular issues, employees may feel hard to follow the code.This imposes potential risks for employees to make unethical transactions unknowingly. Moreover, the code does not strictly restrict the actions of personal conflicts of interest but are allowed if approved by the firm that may violate the independence of professional. Audit firm prohibited any conflicts of interest which had been stated clearly on the statement. Auditors, for example, are prohibited to accept any favors which violate the professional. Another weakness of the code is that it omits the implementation and administration policies.There are no content how the company supervises the implementation of the code, what the company do if the code is found to be not effective, how long the company reviews t he code and so on. Also, the code illustrates that the company take a passive role on discovering the ethical issues. The code requires employees take their own initiatives to report any unethical issues. However, it is not guaranteed that all employees are going to follow the code. There is a risk of undisclosed misconduct by employees if the company does not investigate in it. Improvement The code of ethics specifically focuses on banking industry.Take Bank of America’s code as an example. Although it is impossible to define every action that could be reasonably interpreted as a conflict of interest, company also defines several potential conflicts of interest as examples with a brief description so that everyone can have an idea on conflict of interest. In addition, the code has stated employees should conduct their financial affairs responsibly and keep their business expenses in order. The bank is prohibited money laundering and economic sanctions which have also mention ed in the code. Those are helpful to provide a clear picture to staff on what they should conduct.It is good practice to have the way reporting the misconduct issue, but company is still played as passive role. And also it may be biases if the issue is examined by internal staff from other departments. To be independence, establishing Committees involved external individual or professional to monitor and investigate the misconducts and unethical issues, and the committees may directly notify the Board of Director. Company’s code of ethics can be introduced during the orientation. Each new employee may be requested to complete a set of ethical questions after the introduction to ensure everyone understand this code.The failure may be requested to attend another ethical course to recap the important sections. One of global investment bank, Greenhill & Co holds information and training sessions to promote compliance with the laws, rules and regulations that affect their business . Conclusion: It is appreciated that the company put effort on setting the code of ethics. The above suggestions are given to your kindly consideration as it is good for the company to review the code once again in order to maintain high standard of integrity.